Infectious Diseases
Viral Meningitis
Viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis. You may get better on your own. But our infectious disease specialists can help if your case is severe.
Medically reviewed by Dean Blumberg, M.D. on Nov. 17, 2023.
What Is Viral Meningitis?
Viral meningitis is when your meninges become inflamed and infected by a virus. Your meninges are the membranes (or tissues) that protect your brain and spinal cord. Viral meningitis usually goes away on its own, depending on the specific viral cause. However, if your symptoms are severe, seek medical attention right away.
The Division of Infectious Diseases at UC Davis Health has expertise in treating viral meningitis and other infectious diseases. Our specialists are leaders in patient care and clinical research. We offer advanced testing and treatment options to aid in your recovery.
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Viral Meningitis Symptoms
The symptoms of viral meningitis are similar to those of the flu. They may come on suddenly.
Common Symptoms
Possible signs of viral meningitis include:
- Chills
- Decreased appetite
- Fever
- Headache or mild neck stiffness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Sensitivity to light
- Tiredness and irritability
Emergency Symptoms
Seek medical attention immediately if you have any of the following:
- Confusion or other cognitive issues
- Double vision
- Intense headache
- Severe neck stiffness
Causes of Viral Meningitis
Viral meningitis is a symptom of viral infection. It can be caused by multiple kinds of viruses, including:
Non-Polio Enteroviruses
These are a group of viruses that invade your gastrointestinal tract. One example is Coxsackievirus A16, which causes hand, foot and mouth disease.
Herpes
This group of viruses includes herpes simplex viruses, Epstein-Barr virus and varicella-zoster virus (which causes shingles and chickenpox).
Influenza Viruses
These are viruses that cause the flu, leading to symptoms such as fatigue and sore throat.
Measles
This disease is very contagious and causes a red rash, cough and fever.
Mumps
This virus causes painful swelling in the glands between your ears and jaw.
Risk Factors for Viral Meningitis
Anyone can get viral meningitis, but the following factors can raise your risk.
Immunocompromised Status
People with weakened immune systems have a higher risk of getting viral meningitis.
Living Situation
If you live in a group setting such as a college dorm or nursing home, you have a higher risk of contracting viral meningitis.
Age
Babies and children younger than 5 are more likely to contract viral meningitis due to their developing immune systems.
Diagnosing Viral Meningitis
To diagnose viral meningitis, your provider will perform a physical exam to check the function of your brain and nervous system. If we think you may have viral meningitis, we will order tests to check.
We may collect samples for testing by swabbing your nose or throat, taking blood or asking for a stool sample. We may also draw fluid from around your spinal cord (called a spinal tap).
Treatments for Viral Meningitis
In most cases, viral meningitis clears up on its own without treatment. People with mild cases usually recover in 7 to 10 days. If your case is severe, your doctor may prescribe treatments such as:
Antiviral Medication
These can help if certain viruses such as influenza or herpes caused your meningitis.
Corticosteroids
These medications reduce inflammation caused by viral meningitis.
Fluids
You may receive IV fluids if you are admitted to the hospital.
Pain Medications
Over-the-counter pain relievers help reduce fever and body aches.
Preventing Viral Meningitis
Anyone can get viral meningitis. But there are things you can do to reduce your risk, such as:
Get Vaccinated
Many viruses that cause viral meningitis, such as varicella, have preventive vaccines.
Wash Your Hands Often
Use soap and water, and scrub for at least 20 seconds.
Keep Surfaces Clean
Disinfect surfaces that are frequently touched.
Wear a Respirator
If you are sharing space with someone sick, wearing a respirator (fitted mask) can help prevent infection.
Practice Safe Sex
Use a condom or dental dam when you have sex.
“Viral Meningitis,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html
In the U.S., enteroviruses cause
750KNew cases of viral meningitis each year
Source: Archives of Virology: Viral Meningitis: An Overview
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