Resources | UC Davis MIND Institute

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is caused by a missing piece, or deletion, on the long arm of the 22nd chromosome, known as 11.2, which is where the name comes from. 22q is also sometimes called velocardiofacial syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome. It is linked to more than 180 health conditions, including heart defects, immune system deficiencies, changes in the shape of the face and roof of the mouth, speech challenges, kidney problems and mental health challenges. These impacts can vary widely and no one person is affected quite the same way.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is one of the most common neurodevelopmental conditions in kids — and for most people, it continues into adulthood. In people with the ADHD, the brain works differently. Symptoms can include trouble focusing or finishing projects, daydreaming, losing things often, talking a lot or fidgeting a lot, as well as making careless mistakes and acting impulsively. ADHD can look different in different people. Some mainly have trouble paying attention, while others have trouble primarily with hyperactivity, and some have challenges with both.

Autism is a complex developmental condition that involves persistent challenges with social communication, restricted interests and repetitive behavior. It is considered a spectrum condition, which means that it affects people very differently. Some autistic individuals will need significant support, while others may not. Some autistic individuals may also have intellectual disability, gastrointestinal problems, anxiety or developmental delays.

Down syndrome is a condition in which a baby is born with an extra chromosome. Instead of the typical 46 chromosomes, babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21. The condition is also called “Trisomy 21”. This extra copy of chromosome 21 changes the body’s and brain’s normal development and causes mental and physical challenges for the child. People with Down syndrome often have intellectual disability and distinct physical features. It is the most common chromosomal condition in the U.S.

Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition. Individuals with fragile X syndrome have an altered gene, called FMR1, on their “X” chromosome. It is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and the most common, known single-gene cause of autism. Often, people with fragile X syndrome also have physical characteristics such as long faces, larger ears, unusually flexible fingers and flat feet. People with fragile X syndrome also tend to be very social and friendly and have strong visual or long-term memory.